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Methods/Statistical Analysis: To detect the adulterants from the original ones, the crude drugs are subjected for microscopic analysis including anatomical parameters. The microscopic observations on the gross anatomical features coupled with tissue disposition and cell inclusions are more reliable techniques in the crude samples of ischolar_main drugs.

Findings: The present paper deals with two ischolar_main drugs, popularly used in Indian System of Medicine, highlights the anatomical differences namely Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schultes and Aerva persica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Application/Improvements: The possible reasons for ischolar_main drug similarities and differences are discussed. Such inquire may find use further in the pharmaceutical applications of these two species.

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Methods/Statistical Analysis: The microscopic analysis was done for the three species of Nauclea to aid for distinguishing adulterants from the herb.

Findings: The bark of Nauclea is credited with high economic utilities ranging from medicines and nutraceutical values to valuable commercial timbers.

Applications: The report may add diagnostic value in the pharmaceutical preparations.

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Background/Objectives: The new millennium is witnessing a profound resurgence in the traditional system of clinical application of the native herbal drugs. This has eventually led to the discovery of hundreds of new plant drugs, which are believed to possess therapeutic potentials.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: To detect the adulterants from the original ones by mere spotting at sight is unscientific and unreliable under such situation, the crude drugs are to be subjected to microscopic analysis and anatomical parameters.

Findings: The present paper deals with two ischolar_main drugs, popularly used in Indian System of Medicine, namely Gmelina arborea Roxb. and Gmelina asiatica L. The result findings highlight the anatomical differences of these two taxa.

Application/Improvements: Gmelina arborea Roxb. is an important ingredient of 'Dasamula' preparation, restricted availability of this drug leads to adulterate Gmelina asiatica L. with the previous drug. However microscopic characters of these two ischolar_main drugs helpful for analyzing to separating each other.

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Objectives: The main object of this paper is to develop a constructive approach towards weeds and study their geographical distribution.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The weed plants for the present study were random surveyed from in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The weed plants were authentically identified with the help of Floras. The identification was based on floral and leaf characters. Some of the plants are selected for the preparation of extracts to control the larvicidal activity based on the standard basic principles.

Findings: A survey on weeds reveals that most of the weeds are of native flora and appear to be uniform distribution throughout state.

Application/Improvements :The knowledge of the geographical position and physiography of the state is essential in order to understand the distribution of weeds and their invasion.

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Objectives: The mechanism underlying the morphological and structural specificity of galls attributable to particular insect species is very little understood. The present study is a fragment of the galls found in the Nilgris and Courtallum Hills in India and the study has offered some interesting results and conclusions.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: A comprehensive study on two leaf galls exhibiting evidently different ontogenetic sequences is attempted in the present investigation.

Findings: We studied histology of maturefoliar galls on two host plants caused by different insect species. The pit-gall on Mallotusphilippensis is simple in structure with homogeneous parenchymatous tissue. The galls on Alstoniascholaris and Magniferaindica are more complex in structure.

Application/Improvements: Cecidological studies gain popularity nowadays as they form the most conspicuous elements of the terrestrial ecosystem. The role of the insect behavior is considered as the major factor in determining the form and structure of the gall that an insect incites.

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Background/Objectives: Most of the species of Datura imposes a wide lacuna in our knowledge especially for proper identification and pharmacognostical studies. Anatomical structure is most likely to provide evidence concerning the interrelationships of families or in establishing the real affinities of species of uncertain taxonomic status.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The wood anatomical characters and certain ‘anomalous’ or uncommon structures of the axis have been extensively employed by the systematic anatomists for drawing conclusion with reference to systematic position and phylogeny of plant taxa. Apart from anatomical and trichome studies, palynological investigation is also to be attempted. This will give additional information both for diagnosis of the plants and for conformation their taxonomic position.

Findings: In Datura species epidermal trichomes have been cited as one of the criteria for distinguishing the species. The cross sectional outline of young stem differs significantly in the species studied. The cross section shape is circular and densely pubescent in Datura innoxia, angular in Datura fastuosa. The secondary xylems of ischolar_mains are uniformly dense with wide cylinder of libriform fibres and vessels. The vessels of the ischolar_main are wider than those of the stem. The ischolar_mains of Datura species deviate in their secondary xylem features from the rest of the taxa. These cross sectional configurations are easy access for identification of fragmentary stem materials.

Application/Improvements: An attempt will be made to prepare an artificial dichotomous taxonomic key involving anatomical and palynological data obtained during the present investigations.

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Background/Objectives: Some of the anatomical characters are liable to become modification in response to environmental change; however, many characters are more fixed genetically and such characters are to be employed for taxonomic studies. For distinguishing two species, differences in the anatomical structures usually provide much reliable grounds for identification.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: For anatomical studies the customary techniques of sectioning and staining will be followed. It is aimed to collect data of anatomical characters of easily available plant parts such as leaf, petiole, stem and ischolar_main. It is hoped that these studies will enable anybody to identify the plants concerned in the sterile or fragmentary conditions.

Findings: Anatomical structure is most likely to provide evidence concerning the interrelationships to families or in establishing the real affinities of genera of uncertain taxonomic status.

Application/Improvements: Microscopical studies are also very essential tool to establish the botanical identity of commercial samples of medicinal value and may also aid in checking adulteration or substitution. Apart from anatomical studies, palynological investigation is also to be attempted. This will give additional information both for diagnosis of the plants and for confirmation of their taxonomic position.

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Background/Objectives: The forest signifies the most intrinsic ecosystem complex. The ecological relationship of various components of the forest ecosystem is subtle and far to seek. Plant galls are outburst of repulsive reactions of the plant tissues to the stimulus incited by certain guild of phytophagous insects. In many cases, the galls induced by the parasites attain phenomenal structural complexity and architectural design which have allured the naturalists.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: To understand the mechanism involved in the morphogenesis and histogenesis in the normal growth of plant, cecidogenetic studies, similar to tissue culture and experimental methods, may also provide useful information and throw light on our perception of growth and development of plants.

Findings: The many plant galls are found to have medicinal properties. They have been used in traditional Indian Systems of medicine, especially Siddha and Ayurvedha. The gall nut of a Cynipid insect on the leaves of Quercusinfectoria, horn-shaped foliar gall on Pistasiaintegrima by Psyllid insect are popular gall drugs. Many fungal galls are also edible and eaten by tribals in many places.

Application/Improvements: Many practical applications may be attributed to ratiocinate the study of plant galls. Certain galls are said to be edible and some galls also claimed to be traditionally used as drugs.

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